Lesson 16 The modern city现代城市

The modern city

知识点（1）课文作者介绍

Alexis Carrel French surgeon and Nobel laureate

知识点（2）课文背景介绍

The text is an excerpt from ‘Man the Unknown’. Alexis wrote ‘Man the Unknown’ in 1935,expounding his elitist philosophy.

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected.

In the organization of industrial life（时间状语） the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers（后置定语） has been completely neglected.

知识点（1）Lesson03-27

in sth. / doing sth. 在…的过程中

in doing = in the process of doing  在…的过程中

※ In trying to solve one problem, I created another.

※ In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity.

【复习】Lesson03-14 介词in表示目的

in return/reward for …  作为报答，以换取、以报答

※ America helped the rebels in return for their promise to support democracy.

※ He is always willing to help people out, without expecting anything in return（作为报答）.

in exchange for …  以换取

※ They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.

in compensation for …  以补偿

※ She received $10,000 in compensation for her injuries at work.

in memory of （死者）…  以追忆死者

※ He wrote a long poem in memory of his late wife. 

in honor of … 以尊敬

※ The college was named in honor of George Washington.

※ a banquet in honor of the president.

in appreciation of …  以感激

※ I sent him a gift in appreciation of his help.

in recognition of …   以表彰

※ He was awarded one of the ‘Ten Outstanding Young Persons’ in recognition of his significant achievements.

知识点（2）

industrial adj. 工业的，产业的

industrious  adj. diligent 勤勉的

知识点（3）

… the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers（后置定语）has been neglected … 

the influence of …A… on / upon …B… A对B的影响

※ the influence of parents on / upon their children 

【近似词组】

the effect of …A…on / upon …B… A对B的影响

※ the effect of fertilizers on / upon the crops 

the impact of …A…on / upon …B… A对B的影响（重大的影响）

※ the impact of the oil spill on / upon marine life 

【扩展】介词

“对于…” 用介词to

devotion / dedication to … 对于…的贡献

※ a teacher’s devotion / dedication to his work 

loyalty / allegiance to… 对于…的忠诚

※ swear an oath of loyalty / allegiance to the queen 

“感情”相关的词汇后面的介词通常用for

love / affection for … 对…的爱

zest / passion / enthusiasm for …  对…的热情

pity / compassion / sympathy for … 对…同情

知识点（4）

写作：整个这句作为“主题句（topic sentence）”；后面用“示例（supporting sentences）”做支撑

Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.

Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost（介词of引出同位语）, in order that（以便于） an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. （目的状语从句）

知识点（1）

conception n. 怀孕；概念；设想；开始

conceive t. 怀孕；构思；以为；持有

concept  n. 观念，概念

知识点（2）

production 产量

※ increase production 提升产量

※ increase the amount of（缀词，production本身就有产量的含义） production 

【扩展】Lesson04-07（赘词）

写作：避免出现赘词

with experience （固定搭配）随着经验的积累

with accumulating experience X 错误搭配（赘词）

※ With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

with time 随着时间的流逝、逐渐地、慢慢地

※ with passing time X 错误搭配（赘词）

with seasons 随着季节地更替

※ with changing seasons X 错误搭配（赘词）

※ the cause of justice（抽象词） 正义事业

※ the cause of（多余） national reunification（实意词） X 错误搭配（赘词）

※ accelerate the speed of economic reform X 错误搭配（赘词）

※ The captain knew that his attempt would not be the only attempt. （重复）

※ The captain knew that his attempt would not be the only one. （没有简洁多少）

※ The captain knew that his would not be the only attempt. （简洁）

※ Our age is a tragic age. （重复）

※ Our age is a tragic one. （没有简洁多少）

※ Ours is a tragic age. （简洁）—— Shakespeare

知识点（3）

an individual or a group of individuals

the boss 老板

board of directors 董事局

知识点（4）Lesson03-55

语法：for…to do 介词for引出动词不定式的逻辑主语

※ He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.

※ Her circumstances had never been good enough for her hopes to be realized. 

※ 课文写法替换：

※ …, for an individual or a group of individuals to earn as much money as possible.

It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.

It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines（who...定语从句）, and（并列状语） without giving any consideration to the effects produced（过去分词短语做后置定语） on the individuals and on their descendants by（介词短语当后置定语，修饰effects及produced…后面的） the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory（过去分词短语做后置定语）.

知识点（1）

expand v. 英文解释：to become larger in size, number or amount 扩展

contract【反义词】 收缩

※ expand business / one’s chest

※ The eagle expanded its wings. 

【近义词】

stretch vt. 伸展,张开

※ The forest stretched all the way to the horizon. 

※ He yawned and stretched.

stretch one’s legs 舒展腿

※ You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, … 

dilate 扩大；（使）膨胀，扩张

※ dilated pupils

※ The medicine will dilate blood vessels. 

inflate 使充气；膨胀

※ He used a bicycle pump to inflate the ball. 

inflation n.货膨胀；通胀率；充气

magnify v. 放大

※ This microscope will magnify objects up to 100 times. 

※ magnifying glass

amplify 放大，增强（声音等）

※ The sound is amplified.

※ The signals are amplified. 

amplifier 放大器；扩音器；扬声器

知识点（2）

※ 课文写法替换：

※ … without any idea of the true nature of the human beings …

※ … without giving any consideration to（考虑） the true nature of human beings …

※ … totally neglecting （完全忽略）the true nature of human beings … 

※ 课文写法替换：

※ physiological and mental state

※ physical and spiritual well-being 

知识点（3） give + 名词 + to

give consideration to … 考虑…

= give thought to … 

【扩展】【复习】

give rise to … 导致

※ This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.

give birth to …  生孩子

give way to …   取代…

※ Steam trains gave way to electric trains.

※ What a relief it was when the boulders suddenly disappeared, giving way to a stretch of plain where the only obstacles were clumps of bushes.

give credit to …   给某人赊账

※ The shop gives credit to its customers. 

知识点（4）

mode n. particular way or manner 模式

※ mode of life / existence / thought

※ Set the monitor to 256 color mode. 

知识点（5）本句话的翻译：

它（现代工业）的扩张完全没有考虑到操作机器工人的本质，工厂把一种人为的生存方式强加给工人，却不顾及这种生存方式给工人及其后代带来的影响。

The great cities have been built with no regard for us.

知识点（1）

写作：课文表达“没有考略到”的不同替换

neglect …

without any idea of …

without giving any consideration to … 

with no regard for …

The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them.

The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground（of… 后置定语1）, and of offering to the tenants（状语前置） offices and apartments that please them（that ...定语从句）（of… 后置定语2）.

知识点（1）

the necessity of doing sth. 做某事的必要性

※ The report stresses the necessity of eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.

※ 通俗表达：

※ The report stresses that it is necessary to eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.

out of necessity 出于必要

※ Women increasingly went out to work, usually out of economic necessity. 

be a necessity 必须要…

= be necessary

※ For most people, a good guide book is a necessity when traveling. 

= be a must

※ 听力真题：

A. Move to a cheaper apartment.

B. Find a person to share their apartment.

C. Hire a new worker.

D. Write an accurate description of a friend.

※ W1: What we need is a roommate who is neat and considerate. 

※ W2: Let’s write that in the ad: neat-ness and consideration a must.

※ Q: What do the speakers hope to do?

※ Answer: (B) Find a person to share their apartment. 

【扩展】

compulsory （因法律或规则而）必须做的，强制的，强迫的

※ a compulsory course 必修课

※ an optional / elective course 选修课

※ There are no 'illiterates' —if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance（义务教育） became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations.

知识点（2）

offer sth. to sb. 给某人提供某事

课文改变正常语序

This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.

知识点（1）

mass n. throng; a large crowd 一大群人

※ a mass / throng of people 

※ mass education  群众教育

※ mass media 大众传媒

※ weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器

※ problems of mass unemployment 大规模失业问题

Civilized men like such a way of living.

While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.

While（尽管） they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling（让步状语从句）, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life（that… 宾语从句）.

知识点（1）Lesson03-06 让步状语从句

while 在书面语中做连词，特别是放在句首，后面又出现了现在时；一般表“尽管，即使”，引导让步状语从句

= Although / Though

※ While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life

※ While she is a likable girl, she can be extremely difficult to work with.

※ While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.

※ While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.

※ While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.

※ While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

while / whereas conj. 而 （做连词，轻微转折）

※ He must be over 60, while / whereas his wife looks about 30.

※  One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.

※ 课文写法替换：

※ Although / Though they enjoy the …..

※ 考研英语（英译汉）：

※ While（尽管） the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While （尽管）comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.

知识点（2）

dwelling 住宅（优雅表达）

※ my humble dwelling 

residence / domicile  n. 住宅，住处；居住（优雅表达）

dwell（居住） / dweller（均没能）

※ city dwellers

知识点（3）

the necessities of life 指的是：

the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature, the intimacy of people, etc. 

But city dwellers are deprived of all these valuable things in the concrete jungle.

The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.

The modern city consists of（并列consists of） monstrous edifices and of（并列consists of） dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases（后置定语；streets修饰语1）, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses（后置定语；streets修饰语2）, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds（后置定语；streets修饰语3）. 

知识点（1）

表达“由…组成”：

consist of …

be made up of … 

be composed of … 

comprise … 

comprise …

make up … 

compose … 

constitute … 

知识点（2）

petrol fumes 和 toxic gases

表达：air pollution

torn by the noise of the taxicabs

表达：noise pollution

thronged ceaselessly by great crowds

表达：the problem of overpopulation

知识点（3）

tear 打破

※ a country torn by war

Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.

知识点（1）

写作：总结句（concluding sentence）

对应第四句（主题句）：The great cities have been built with no regard for us.

知识点（2）

表达“为了…的利益”：

for the good of …

for the sake of … 

for the benefit of … 

in the interest of … 

on behalf of … 

知识点（3）课文写作总结

主题句topic sentence

扩展句supporting sentences 

总结句concluding sentences