Lesson 18 Porpoises海豚

There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.

There has long been a superstition among mariners（状语，前置） that （that... 同位语从句，修饰superstition）porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface（方式状语）, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation（方式状语）.

知识点（1）无灵主语

※ There has long been a superstition among mariners

※ 翻译：在海员之中有一个长期的迷信

※ 考研阅读：    

※ While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.

※ 翻译：很多记者长期依赖律师提供给他们的解释

知识点（2）

superstition  n. 迷信；迷信的观念

superstitious   adj. 迷信的

※ foster superstition 助长迷信

※ break down / abolish superstition 破除迷信

知识点（3）【课文仿写】无灵主语

※ 造句：中国人长久以来迷信看见喜鹊会有好运气。

※ There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that seeing a magpie will bring you good luck / is a good omen / is an auspicious omen.

【扩展】表达“不吉利的”：

A bad omen 

An ill omen

An ominous omen

※ 造句：中国人长久以来迷信听见乌鸦叫是不吉利的。

※ There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that hearing the crowing of a crow is an ominous omen.

Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of life-saving.

Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be（让步状语从句）, it（形式主语）is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving（to … 真正主语）. （that… 宾语从句）

知识点（1）

studios （广播、电视的）录音室，录像室，演播室，制作室；（音乐）录音棚；电影公司；电影制片厂

※ Universal Studios

知识点（2）Lesson03-36

point out 指出，提醒注意 （out是副词）

※ Franz poured scorn on the idea, pointing out that his brother had been killed in action during the war.

※ At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.

※ After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out（out是副词） that his neighbour, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb.

【复习】

语法：“介词+that”例外，可以看做复合连词

in that / but that / except that

remark / comment + on sth. / （介词必须去掉）that … 

知识点（2）

※ 课文写法替换： （让步状语从句）

※ however intelligent they may be, …

※ no matter how intelligent they may be, …

※ although / though / even though / while they may be intelligent, …

※ intelligent as they may be, … （倒装）Lesson03-26

【复习】Lesson03-26

语法：强调句；让步状语从句中，把被强调的词放到句首；书面语

※ （副词的强调句） 

※ Although we may much pride ourselves on our good taste, 

※ Much as （强调much）we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.

※ Although I much admire Newton as a scientist, I don’t like him as a man. 

※ Much as I admire Newton as a scientist, I don’t like him as a man. 

※ （形容词的强调句） 

※ Although we may be proud of our good taste, 

※ ... Proud as we may be of our good taste, ... 

※ （形容词的强调句） 

※ Although she is beautiful, I still don’t like her. 

※ Beautiful as she is, I still don’t like her. （形容词的强调句）

※ （动词的强调句；动词原形放在句首，原来的位置用助动词代替） 

※ Although he tries, he never seems able to do the work beautifully.

※  Try as he does, he never seems to do the work beautifully.

※ （名词的强调句；名词前的冠词去掉，名字放在句首） 

※ Although he is a child, he can make a living. 

※ Child as he is, he can make a living.

知识点（3）

credit sth. to … 归因于…

【辨析】

credit sb. with sth. 认为某人有某种特征

※ credit dolphins with motive of life saving

※ 注意翻译：加上比较级

※ I had credited them with more integrity than they showed. 

※ 翻译：我原来认为他们比他们表现出来的有更多的正直 （反话）

※ 翻译、直译：没想到他们这么不正直

※ 注意翻译：加上比较级

※ I credited you with a little more sense.

※ 翻译：我原来认为你有更多的理性 （反话）

※ 翻译、直译：没想你这么糊涂

知识点（4）

motive for / behind sth. 做某事的动机

※ the motive for the murder

※ the motive behind the bombing

※ Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial outlay upon equipment, or through hiring it, the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels.

motive of （of引出同位语）

※ The motive for / behind the bombing is revenge. 做某事的动机

※ the motive of revenge 复仇这个动机

知识点（5）

写作：主张反应模式（claim – response pattern）

本文：

claim 声称

denial 否认

reasons for denial 否认的理由

On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.

On the occasions（时间状语） when they have pushed to shore（状语前置） an unconscious human being（when...定语从句，修饰occasions） they have much more likely done it out of curiosity（原因状语） or for sport（原因状语）, as in riding the bow waves of a ship（方式状语从句，省略了主句出现的成分）.

知识点（1）

on / upon … occasion 某事发生的时刻、场合

※ on such / rare occasions 在这种场合/在罕见的场合

※ Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time.

※ It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.

【扩展】表达“情况”：

instance 

※ In most instances（在大多数情况中）, there will be no need for further treatment. 

circumstance

※ Under no circumstances（在任何情况下） should you approach that man.

知识点（2） Lesson04-01

语法、写作：改变正常语序

※ … they have pushed an unconscious human being to shore …

※ … they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being …

※ 考研英语（英译汉）：    

※ His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. （宾语后置）

※ … we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipes which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom. （宾语后置）

※ 造句: 请把我们急需的那个软件从网站上下载下来然后通过e-mail 发送给我。

※ Please download from the website and send to me by email the software of which we are in urgent need.

知识点（3）

out of … 出于…

※ out of interest

※ out of necessity

※ out of sympathy / pity

※ out of respect

※ out of conscience 

※ out of desperation

※ I’m turning to you out of desperation. 

※ out of fear

※ So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. ——John F. Kennedy

知识点（4）

sport 乐趣

※ Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, …

for fun / pleasure / amusement 为了乐趣

知识点（5）

语法：状语从句的省略

※ 课文补全：主语成分省略

※ On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as (they have done it out of curiosity or for sport) in riding the bow waves of a ship.

as (书面语中)表示“像…一样”一定是连词

※ Air is to man as water is to fish.

※ 老托福语法改错题：

※ In New York, like（X错误） in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.

※ In New York, as in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. √

※ In New York, as environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious (补全) in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.

※ It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as in a refrigerator.

※ It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as traces of land animals survive(补全)  by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as the whole animal is preserved(补全) in a refrigerator.

In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress.

In 1928（时间状语） some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore（状语前置） a waterlogged mattress（目的状语）. （working...主语补足语）

知识点（1）

photograph sb. doing sth. 拍下某人正在做某事

※ They were photographed playing with the children. 

知识点（2）

beaver n. 海狸；海狸皮毛

※ an eager beaver 干活特别卖力的人；对工作极有热忱的人

知识点（3）

mattress 沉排；用埽料或土工织物构成柔性排体，上压重物，或用混凝土条形构件连成排体，用于护岸、护脚的工程。

注：课文翻译错误

If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks.

If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks（if... 条件状语从句）, it may have been because curiosity attracted them（because… 表语从句1） and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks（because… 表语从句2）.

知识点（1）Lesson03-33 非限定定语从句 定语从句知识点（4-1）

语法：as引导的非限定定语从句修饰整个句子

※ 课文举例：

※ Things can go wrong on a big scale, as （关系代词，非限定性定语从句，关系代词做discovered的宾语） a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney.

※ As （关系代词，非限定性定语从句，关系代词做explained的宾语） the Commanding Officer explained later, one half of the station did not know what the other half was doing!

※ If, as（关系代词，非限定性定语从句，关系代词做主语） has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks.

※ As（关系代词，非限定性定语从句，关系代词做主语） is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.

【辨析】

语法：as 引导的非限定性定语从句与 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的区别。

1、as 作为关系代词指代整个主句，而 which 作为关系代词指代整个主句或先行词均可。

2、as 引导的非限定性定语从句位于主句前、中、后均可，而which 引导的非限定性定语从句不能位于主句之前。

※ As a poet points out, life is but a dream. 

※ Children, as is always the case, love their mother.

※ She became angry, as many could see.

3、as 引导的非限定性定语从句含有“众所周知”的意思，常译为“正如……”，而which 引导的非限定性定语从句则未必有这个意思。

※ The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.（不能换成as，没有“正如”的含义）

4、在“as + is/was + done”结构中可省略“is/was”，而在 “which + is/was + done”可省略“which + is/was”，而不能只省略 be 动词。

※ As (is) reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city. 

※ a puma (which was) at large 

※ 课文简写：

※ If, as reported, they have protected humans from sharks, …

※ 托福语法改错题：

※ As Napoleon once pointed it out, attack is the best method of defense. X多了宾语 （美式认为错误）（英式中认为可以接受，as充当连词，不错宾语）

※ As Napoleon once pointed out, attack is the best method of defense. √ 

【辨析】

语法：as 引导方式状语从句

※ 课文写法替换：非限定性定语从句

※ Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as (it) has come to be known, is a relatively new sport. 

※ The problem, as I see it（方式状语）, is no big deal.

※ The author was brought up in a small village, as it（方式状语） is recounted in some of his stories.

知识点（2）Lesson04-03 定语从句知识点（3）

语法：限定性定语从句；先行词如出现such / the same / as / so 后面的关系代词用as，不用which和that

such / the same / as / so … as …

※ I need the same tool as you are using. 

※ I need such a tool as you are using.

※ I need as useful a tool as you are using.

※ Such inns as there were（限定性定语从句，修饰先行词inns，用as和such固定搭配） were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. 

知识点（3）Lesson03-50

it is because …               原因是…（主系表）

the reason is that …     原因是…

…, the only reason is that … 原因是…

The reason is because … ☓表达错误，reason和because重复

※ 课文写法替换：

※ … it may have been because curiosity attracted them …

※ … the reason may have been that curiosity attracted them …

Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies.

知识点（1）

natural enemies 天敌

※ This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, …

It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.

it（形式主语）is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed（独立主格，做状语）. （that...主语从句）

Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive.

Whether it be（让步状语从句中，be型虚拟） bird, fish or beast（让步状语从句）, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive（定语从句）.

知识点（1）

语法：让步状语从句中，be型虚拟

※ 普通表达：

※ Whether it is bird, fish or beast, ……

※ be型虚拟：

※ After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided.

※ Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving support. 

※ Though he be the President himself, he shall listen to us.

※ be型虚拟：be放在句首

※ Be it bird, fish or beast, ……

※ Home is home, be it ever so homely.

※ Home is home, though it be ever so homely.

※ Gre写作范文：

※ Once the educators, be they administrators or teachers, are under the control of students, even a democratic situation would be like holding royalty accountable to the mob.

※ Once the educators, whether they be administrators or teachers, are under the control of students, even a democratic situation would be like holding royalty accountable to the mob.

They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities.

They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities（who...定语从句，充当并列句）.

知识点（1）

be after … 追逐；追捕；想抓住或得到…… 

※ The police are after the fugitive.

※ He’s after my job.

※ I’m sure she’s after my husband.

知识点（2）

submit to … 服从……；屈服于……；甘心忍受…… 

※ All countries in the EU must submit to its laws.

※ I’m not prepared to submit to this painful course of treatment.

※ First, you must give Helen back to my brother. Second, Troy must submit to my command to fight for me whenever I call.

【近义词组】表达“服从……；屈服于……；甘心忍受……”：

bow to …

※ The government refused to bow to terrorists. 

yield to …

succumb to … 

be subject to …

※ All employees are subject to the regulations of the company.

※ So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.  —— John F. Kennedy

One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout, and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane.

知识点（1）

calf 大型动物的幼崽

foal 驹子；小马驹；小驴子

piglet 猪仔；小猪

lamb 羔羊；小羊

kid 小孩；小山羊

fawn （不足一岁的）幼鹿

cub （熊、狮、狐狸等的）幼兽，崽

kitten 小猫

puppy  小狗；幼犬

chicken  小鸡

duckling 小鸭子

gosling 小鹅；年轻无知者

larva 幼虫；幼体

infant 婴儿；幼儿

Almost any day a young porpoises may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life.

Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen（see doing 固定搭配） trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life. （by... 方式状语）

知识点（1）

stick sth. 伸出去

※ Stick’em up! 举起手来

※ Stick your tongue. 伸出舌头

知识点（2）

for dear life 拼命地……

【辨析】

for life 终生，一辈子

※ The accident left her scarred for life.

This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together.

In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly.

This knocks the turtle down several feet.

He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.

知识点（1）

※ 课文写法替换：部分倒装

※ No sooner does he recover his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.

Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank.

He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat.

知识点（1）

be satisfied with / to do …   做某事很满意

be content with / to do … 对某事很满意

知识点（2）

※ 课文写法替换：部分倒装

※ …, but no sooner does he do so than a porpoise knocks him flat.

The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.