Lesson 69 But not murder!并非谋杀！ 非谓语动词
First listen and then answer the question: Do you think that the writer passed his driving test? Why?
I was being tested for a driving licence for the third time.
我第 3 次接受驾驶执照考试。
I had been asked to drive in heavy traffic and had done so successfully.
按照要求在车辆拥挤的路上驾驶，我圆满地完成了。
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始有了信心。
Sure that I had passed, I was almost beginning to enjoy my test.
确信我已通过考试，所以我几乎开始喜欢起这次考试。
The examiner must have been pleased with my performance, for he smiled and said, 'Just one more thing, Mr. Eames.'
主考人对我的驾驶想必是满意的，因为他微笑着说：“埃姆斯先生，只剩 1 项了。”
"Let us suppose that a child suddenly crosses the road in front of you. As soon as I tap on the window, you must stop within five feet."
“让我们假设一个小孩子突然在你前面穿过马路。我一敲车窗，你必须把车停在 5 英尺之内。”
I continued driving and after some time, the examiner tapped loudly, Though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react.
我继续往前开着，过了一会儿，主考人砰砰地敲了起来。 虽然声音听得很清楚，但我过了好一会儿才作出反应。
I suddenly pressed the brake pedal and we were both thrown forward.
我突然用力踩紧刹车踏板，结果我俩的身体都向前冲去。
The examiner looked at me sadly. "Mr. Eames,' he said, in a mournful voice, 'you have just killed that child!"
主考人伤心地看着我。“埃姆斯先生，” 他以悲伤的声调说，“你刚刚把那个小孩压死了！”
课文理解马路杀手 Road killers 更新于:2024-03-11 06:04:14
I was being tested for a driving licence for the third time.
a driving licence 驾驶执照
I had been asked to drive in heavy traffic and had done so successfully.
heavy adj. 大量的，多的，密集的
- Traffic is heavier on this road than on the other one.
- Heavy rain turned the campsite into a mudbath. 大雨把露营地变成了一片泥沼。
* After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
After I had been instructed to drive out of towrn.I began to acquire confidence. 变化前的原句(两句话)
状语从句是可以省略的，首先要满足一个前提，就是两个句子的主语相同，那么这个时候状语从句当中就可以把主语省了，那把主语省了之后，后面这个谓语动词就不能再做谓语动词了，如果你自己没有主语了，人家又搭配好了，再多余动词就得变成非谓语啊，所以had been instructed 变成非谓语，那变成哪种非谓语呢？After:要不然借句子做连词，如果没句子了呢，就只能做介词了，那如果它介词，那后面能接什么呀？就只能接doing了，这就是本句的变化过程。
having been done 被变长了的非谓语动词(doing 、done 、to do)
| After having been instructed to drive out of town,状语从句的省略(变为非谓语) | I began to acquire confidence. 发生在后（一般过去时） 应该是我先被指导开出去(先)，在那之后我才开始获得信心的(后)。 |
| 完成时态 + 被动 = 表示被动，发生在先(搭配其它时态使用) | |
| After I had been instructed to drive out of towrn.句子原本的样子(分成2句，这里是谓语) |
这个世界上之所以会有非谓语，就是因为一定先有谓语嘛，所以大家会发现当一主一谓搭配好了之后，不能再有谓语了，所以才降半级变非谓语。因此非谓语动词和谓语动词一般情况下都是伴随出现的。那在这里，这个分类动词表示的是发生在先，那是发生在谁前面呢？那自然就是跟谓语动词相比较。
having been done 即表示被动，又多出一层含义表之前
以后只要是遇到了having been done，记住它是非谓语，一种复杂变形。与参考物对比为被动且发生在谓语动词之前。
- Having been told many times（先发生）,he still repeated the same mistake. 已经被告诉了很多次，他还是犯相同的错误。
- Having been influenced by the advertisements, people will rush to buy new products. 被广告影响之后，人们就会冲去买新产品。
The examiner must have been pleased with my performance, for he smiled and said, 'Just one more thing,Mr. Eames.
| be pleased with 对…感到满意 | with + 名词（作状语修饰谓语动词） |
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must have been 表示对过去的事情的猜测
- Your trip must have been fun!你这次旅行一定很开心吧！
- The street must have been on a slope.那条街一定是一直在一个斜坡上。
- I must have been a horrid little girl.我以前一定是个招人讨厌的小女孩。
Let us suppose that a child suddenly crosses the road in front of you.
let us suppose that… 让我们假设… | there is a forest fire.发生了森林火灾。 |
| the news is true.这消息是真实的。 | |
| you have been asked to introduce the main speaker at a meeting.你被要求在会议上介绍主讲者。 |
| cross v.掠过，闪过;穿过 | across prep. (平面)穿过 |
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| cross the road 过马路：从一侧马路穿过到另一侧。 | He is swimming across the river. |
| wait v.等候 | await v.等待 |
| You wait for me. 你等着我。 | We await your command.我们等待你的口令。 |
| wake v.唤醒，醒来 | awake adj.醒着的 |
| You have to wake up now, baby.你现在得醒了，宝贝儿。 | The noise kept him awake.噪音使他一直醒着。 |
| sleep v.睡，睡觉 | asleep adj.睡着的 |
| Bog off, I'm trying to sleep!走开，我要睡觉啦！ | In moments, I was asleep once more.很快，我又睡着了。 |
| rise v./n.升高，上升 | arise v.产生;起立；上升 |
| I'm going to ask for a rise.我打算要求加薪。 | Only a finite number of situations can arise.只有有限的几种情况可能会出现。 |
As soon as I tap on the window, you must stop within five feet.' 一敲窗... 你就必须停下来
as soon as 一…就…
- I'll call you as soon as I get home.我一到家就给你打电话。
- As soon as he got home, the phone rang.他一到家，电话就响了。
- The dogs ran off as soon as we appeared.我们一露面狗就跑了。
- As soon as he gets here we're ready to go.他一到我们就可以开始。
- As soon as I get my money I'm out of here!我一拿到钱就走！
Though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react.
| it | took me a long time | to react. |
| 形式主语 | 谓 + 宾 + 宾 | 逻辑主语 |
The examiner looked at me sadly. 'Mr. Eames,' he said, in a mournful voice, 'you have just killed that child!'
in a … voice 以…的声调 | in a low voice 小声地 | "The police are here," she said in a low voice. “警察在这儿，”她低声说。 |
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| in a loud voice 大声地 | He spoke in a loud voice. 他大声说话。 | |
| in a mournful voice 用悲伤的声调 | He told them the news in a sad/excited voice. |
语法知识被动语态的时间顺序 更新于:2024-03-11 05:45:02
被动语态可以用于“介词 + 动名词”结构中，在英语中是很正式的用法，一般不用于口语。“介词（after， before，on）+ 动名词” 这个结构通常相当于一个时间状语从句。
| on + 动名词 通常表示两个动作几乎同时发生 | On/After being told that her mother was seriously ill, she hurried back to England. |
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| after + 动名词的完成式 表示第一个动作(开始之前 已经完成) | The man called the police after being robbed. |
| after / before + 动名词 只表示先后顺序 | He killed a child before being arrested. |
| want +被动语态 往往表示希望别人完成所说的动作 | I want the luggage fetched from the hotel this afternoon.被动语态用于want 后面的不定式中时，to be 可以省略 |
| 被动语态用于过去进行时 以强调动作的持续性 | I was being asked about the film all day yesterday. |
单词句型易混淆的单词 更新于:2024-03-11 05:48:53
| practice n.（反复的）练习，实践，实行 | practise vt.& vi. 练习，经常做 |
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| advice n. 忠告，劝告，建议（不可数名词） | advise vt.& vi. 劝告，向…提供提议 |
| She gave me some good advice / a piece of advice about jobs. | She advised me against going to the party. 她建议/劝我不要去参加聚会。 |
| enjoy vt. 欣赏，喜爱，享受…之乐（后跟名词、动名词或反身代词，用于主动语态） | entertain vt. 款待，招待，请客；使…快乐，给…娱乐（=amuse） |
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| amuse vt. 逗乐，逗笑（常用于被动语态） | |
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扩展知识非谓语动词表被动 更新于:2024-03-11 06:00:07
| be done 可以作谓语、被动语态 | done 不能作谓语、非谓语动词 |
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| 都可以表“被动” | |
| The bottle was thrown into the sea.(done 只表示被动) | The bottle thrown into the sea is found. |
| Having been beaten by a girl, the boy cried. 先被打，后哭了(having been done 被动在先) | Beaten by a girl, the boy cried. 不能体现发生的时间顺序 |
| Being beaten by a girl, the boy cried.一边被打一边哭(being done 被动同时) | |
非谓语动词 vs. 谓语动词时间关系？
| 非谓语 发生在谓语动词之前 | 被 | 谓语 | 相对的时间 |
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| Having been beaten | by a girl | , the boy cried. 哭过 | 比如谓语动词是过去，那么它可以表示过去的之前被打。 |
| , the boy is crying. 在哭 | 谓语动词是现在进行，那它可以表示现在的之前被打。 |
非谓语动词不能表示绝对的时间，也就是说非谓语动词它不能说明这个事儿是发生在过去、现在、还是将来。但非谓语动词可以表示相对(相对于谓语动词)的先后顺序，它强调发生在谓语动词的之前（相对的概念）。
- 非谓语动词只能相对于这个谓语动词来说，表示在谓语动词的之前，但它自己本身不能说明过去，现在还是将来。
- 谓语动词是句子的核心，它可以表示绝对的时间，它可以表明这个事儿发生在过去，现在还是将来。