Lesson 29 Funny or not?是否可笑？ 定语从句 宾语从句

Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up.

Whether 引导从句 ^{表示“是否”时不能用if的几种情况}

largely ^{chiefly / to a great extent 很大程度上、主要}

• His later years were devoted largely to charitable work. ^{他晚年主要从事慈善工作。}
• Power is largely concentrated in the hands of a small elite. ^{权力主要集中在少数精英人物的手里。}

bring up sb. ^{抚养某人：指照顾、培养某人}

• He was brought up by his step-mother.

be brought up to do ^从小就 

• The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.
• We have been brought up to fear insects. ^NCE3-54

raise sb. ^{养人、动物}

• My mother was an amazing woman. She raised four of us kids virtually singlehandedly.  ^{我母亲是个了不起的女人。她几乎是独自抚养大了我们4个孩子。}
• I didn't know if I could raise a child by myself.^{我不知道是否能独立抚养一个孩子。}

foster / adopt sb. ^{领养（某人）}

• adopted son ^养子
• adoptive parents / foster-parents ^养父母

The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics.

The sense of humour ^幽默感

• the sense of pride ^自豪感
• the sense of honor ^荣誉感
• the sense of accomplishment ^成就感
• the sense of responsibility ^责任感
• the sense of superiority ^优越感
• the sense of inferiority ^自卑感

A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke.

• No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films.

In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears.

In the same way ^{同样地（放句首时加逗号）}

• likewise ^{adv.同样地}
• similarly ^{adv.相似地；同样}
• by the same token ^{同样地；出于同样原因}

laugh to tears ^笑出流泪

• be bored to tears / death ^无聊透顶

laugh one's head off ^大笑不止

... which would make an Englishman laugh his head off. ^替换

• clap one's hands off ^{拍手（热烈鼓掌）}
• cry one's eyes out ^{悲痛欲绝 、泪如雨下} 

In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal.

universal ^{international, global, world-wide 普遍的}

• Smile is a universal language. ^{微笑是全世界通用的语言。}

No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films.

Wherever you live, ... ^替换

• Whoever wants to sign up for the course is welcome. ^{无论谁 “主语从句”不能替换为“No matter who”}
• No matter who wants to sign up for the course, he is welcome. ^{让步状语从句（可以替换为Whoever）}
• Whatever project he works on is always successful. ^{无论什么“主语从句” 不能替换为 “No matter what”}
• No matter what project he works on, it is always successful. ^{让步状语从句（可以替换为Whatever）}

(let's) say ^{比方说（多做插入语）}

• Why don't we have a break until, (let's) say, 10:45?

However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from the U.S., has recently come into fashion.

come into fashion ^流行起来

• Miniskirts have come into fashion.

be in fashion ^{处于流行状态}

• They were in fashion last year and the year before last.

be out of fashion ^{不流行(过时的)}

• Some styles never go out of fashion. ^{有些款式永远不会过时。}
• fashionable clothes / ideas / hairstyles ...

Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accidents.

base on ^基于

• Comedians build their jokes on tragic situations ...
• Comedians found their jokes on tragic situations ...

Many people find this sort of joke distasteful.

• Many people find this sort of joke unpleasant / disgusting / repellent / revolting / repulsive.
• This sort of joke repels / revolts / repulses / disgusts / sickens many people.
• Many people dislike / hate / despise / abhor / detest / loathe / abominate this sort of joke.

The following example of 'sick humour' will enable you to judge for yourself.

enable sb. to do ^{使某人能够做某事} 

• They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money.

allow / permit sb. to do ^{允许某人做某事、使能够做某事}

• The teacher allowed the students to leave early.^{老师允许学生提前离开。}
• The park permits visitors to have picnics.^{公园允许游客野餐。}

make it possible for sb. to do ^{使某人有可能做某事}

• Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.

... will allow / permit you to judge for yourself. ^替换
... will make it possible for you to judge for yourself. ^替换

do sth. for oneself ^{亲自做某事}

• So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labor. ^NCE3-46

A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas.

A man whose right leg had been broken ... ^替换

take sb. to hospital = send sb. to hospital ^{送某人去看病（hospital 前无冠词）}

• go to hospital ^看病
• go to the hospital ^到医院去
• be in hospital = be hospitalized ^住院
• leave hospital ^出院

From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home.

Since the moment he arrived there, he had kept on pestering ... ^{如果使用Since 时态要变}

keep (on) doing ^{（引人反感、讨厌的）老是做某事}

• Why do you keep (on) making the same mistakes?
• How can I explain if you keep (on) interrupting me?
• In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals.

He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital.

dread + n. / doing ^{恐惧、害怕某物、某事}

• She dreads getting old.

dread to do ^{一做某事就害怕}

• I dread to think what will happen if I fail.
• She dreads to get old. ^{一变老就害怕}

Though the doctor did his best, the patient's recovery was slow.

On Christmas Day, the man still had his right leg in plaster.

on Christmas Day ^{On + 某天}

• on Easter Day

at + 节日 = 期间

• at Christmas
• at Easter
• The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter.

..., the man's right leg was still in plaster. ^{替换（处于在石膏里这个状态）}

He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing. 

think of… ^{考虑，思考}

• I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.
• Harrison had thought of everything except the weather. 
• She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland.

The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good.

one's chances of ... were good ^{某人…的机会是很大}

• As she is not rich, the chances that she will ever be able to afford such purchases are remote; but she is never sufficiently strong-minded to be able to stop the practice. ^NCE3-59

The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to a party.

take heart = be encouraged ^{受到了鼓舞}

• After hearing the good news, she took heart and continued her work.^{听到好消息后，她受到了鼓舞，继续工作。}
• The students were encouraged by their teacher's positive feedback.^{学生们受到了老师积极反馈的鼓舞。}

lose heart ^{丧失信心，失去信心；丧失勇气}

• Don't lose heart; keep trying, and you will succeed. ^{不要丧失信心，坚持努力，你会成功的。}

lose one's heart to ... ^{爱上了某人}

• He lost his heart to her the moment they met.^{他在第一次见到她时就爱上了她。}

Eve ^{重大节日的前夜}

• Christmas Eve ^平安夜
• on the eve of ^{在…的前夜} 
• On the eve of the Festival ^节日前夕
• On New Year's Eve ^新年前夕

To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him.

... than what was good for him. ^{than引导宾语从句后面的what可以省略}

• It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.

In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals.

enjoy oneself ^过得开心

• We always enjoy ourselves, Mum.
• I'm sure you'll enjoy yourselves.
• ..., he had a good / great time ... ^替换

how much he hated hospitals ^{有多么的恨（讨厌）医院（表程度）}

... kept telling everybody to what extent he hated hospitals. ^替换

• To what extent do you love her?  — I'll die for her.

He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.

when ^{译为“这时”或“突然”}

•  I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants. ^{突出从句的核心信息}
• The Karen had been sailing in a convoy to Russia when she was torpedoed by an enemy submarine.
• The morning passed rapidly and Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packing case lying on the floor.

slip on a piece of ice  ^{在一块冰上滑倒}

• I slipped and fell downstairs.
• Lesson 89 A slip of the tongue ^{口误（名词）}
• a slip of the pen  ^笔误
• trip over a stone ^{被石头绊倒}